Smart waste management system
CHAPTER
3 (METHODOLOGY)
WORKING
PRINCIPLE
3.1 INTRODUCTION
The garbage containers transmit signals to indicate
that they are over 80% or 90% full and should be emptied. Via the mobile
communications network, the signals are sent to a web based software
application used by the waste management company.
In the software,
the capacity of the container is indicated, which is taken as a basis to plan
the best route for waste collection garbage trucks travel only to those
containers that actually need to be emptied.
A robust ultrasonic sensor is installed in the garbage
container and detects the fill level regardless of what has been deposited
inside. The whole system contains ULTRASONIC SENSOR, ARDUINO BOARD, GSM MODULE,
BREAD BOARD, POWER SUPPLY (BATTERY).
The sensor is fixed on to the bread board. the
connection between the arduino board and sensor is made with the help of
connecting wires. The working program is fed into the arduino board. The gsm
module is also connected to the same arduino board with the help of wires. The
power supply to the system is given with the help of a battery.
BLOCK
DIAGRAM
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GANT
CHART
FLOWCHART
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Ultrasonic
sensor placed inside the dustbin continuously checks its status, whether it
is full or not.
If
the overflow of garbage over the predefined threshold occurs, then a message
will be sent to the control room indicating the overflow of concerned garbage
bin.
Message
will also be sent to the specific cleaner of that dustbin. Also, status of
the dustbin will be updated when it is cleaned.
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3.2
MAIN EQUIPMENTS USED IN THE SMART WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
1.0 GARBAGE CONTAINER
A waste container is a container for temporarily
storing waste, and is usually made out of metal or plastic. The curbside dustbins usually consist of
three types: trash cans (receptacles made of metal or plastic), dumpsters
(large receptacles similar toskips) and wheelie bins (light, usually plastic
bins that are mobile). All of these are emptied by collectors, who will load
the contents into a garbage truck and drive it to a landfill, incinerator or
consuming crush facility to be disposed of.
1.3
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
A special sonic transducer is used for the
ultrasonic proximity sensors, which allows for alternate transmission and
reception of sound waves. The sonic waves emitted by the transducer are
reflected by an object and received back in the transducer. After having
emitted the sound waves, the ultrasonic sensor will switch to receive mode. The
time elapsed between emitting and receiving is proportional to the distance of
the object from the sensor.
Ultrasonic sensors generate high-frequency sound
waves and evaluate the echo which is received back by the sensor, measuring the
time interval between sending the signal and receiving the echo to determine
the distance to an object.
1.4
ARDUINO BOARD
Arduino is a software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures computer open-source
hardware,open-source software, and microcontroller-based kits for building
digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control physical devices
[3].
The project is based on microcontroller board
designs, produced by several vendors, using various microcontrollers. These
systems provide sets of digital and analog I/O pins that can interface to
various expansion boards (termed shields) and other circuits. The boards
feature serial communication interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB)
on some models, for loading programs from personal computers. For programming
the microcontrollers, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment(IDE) based on a programming language named Processing, which also
supports the languages C and C++.
The first Arduino was introduced in 2005, aiming to
provide a low cost, easy way for novices and professionals to create devices
that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots,
thermostats, and motion detectors.
SOFTWARE
OF ARDUINO :
The Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated
development environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written in
the
programming language Java. It originated from the
IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It is designed to introduce
programming to artists and other newcomers unfamiliar with software
development. It includes a code editor with features such assyntax
highlighting, brace matching, and automatic indentation, and provides simple
one-click mechanism to compile and load programs to an Arduino board. A program
written with the IDE for Arduino is called a "sketch" [4].
The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++
using special rules to organize code.
1.5
GSM MODULE
GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications,
originally Groupe Spécial Mobile), is a standard developed by the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for
second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used bymobile phones, first
deployed in Finland in July 1991 [5]. As of 2014 it has become the default global
standard for mobile communications - with over 90% market share, operating in
over 219 countries and territories [6].
GSM networks operate in a number of different
carrier frequency ranges (separated into GSM frequency ranges for 2G and UMTS
frequency bands for 3G), with most 2G GSM networks
operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Where these bands were already
allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in
Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency
bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for
firstgeneration systems.
1.6
BREAD BOARD
A breadboard is a construction base for prototyping
of electronics. Originally it was literally a bread board, a polished piece of
wood used for slicing bread. In the 1970s the solderless breadboard (AKA
plugboard, a terminal array board) became available and nowadays the term
"breadboard" is commonly used to refer to these.
"Breadboard" is also a synonym for "prototype".
Because the solderless breadboard does not require
soldering, it is reusable. This makes it easy to use for creating temporary
prototypes and experimenting with circuit design. For this reason, solderless
breadboards are also extremely popular with students and in technological
education. Older breadboard types did not have this property. A stripboard
(veroboard) and similar prototyping printed circuit boards, which are used to
build semipermanent soldered prototypes or one-offs, cannot easily be reused. A
variety of electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from
small analog and digital circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).
A modern solderless breadboard consists of a
perforated block of plastic with numerous tin plated phosphor bronze or nickel
silver alloy spring clips under the perforations. The clips are often called
tie points or contact points. The number of tie points is often given in the
specification of the breadboard.
The spacing between the clips (lead pitch) is
typically 0.1 in (2.54 mm). Integrated circuits (ICs) in dual in-line packages
(DIPs) can be inserted to straddle the centerline of the block. Interconnecting
wires and the leads of discrete components (such as capacitors, resistors, and
inductors) can be inserted into the remaining free holes to complete the
circuit. Where ICs are not used, discrete components and connecting wires may
use any of the holes
1.7
JUMP WIRES
Jump wires (also called jumper wires) for solderless
breadboarding can be obtained in ready-to-use jump wire sets or can be manually
manufactured. The latter can become tedious work for larger circuits.
Readyto-use jump wires come in different qualities, some even with tiny plugs
attached to the wire ends. Jump wire material for ready-made or homemade wires
should usually be 22 AWG (0.33 mm2) solid copper, tin-plated wire - assuming no
tiny plugs are to be attached to the wire ends. The wire ends should be
stripped 3⁄16 to 5⁄16 in (4.8 to 7.9 mm). Shorter stripped wires might result
in bad contact with the board's spring clips (insulation being caught in the
springs). Longer stripped wires increase the likelihood of short-circuits on
the board. Needle-nose pliers and tweezers are helpful when inserting or
removing wires, particularly on crowded boards.
Differently colored
wires and color-coding discipline are often adhered to for consistency.
However, the number of available colors is typically far fewer than the number
of signal types or paths. Typically, a few wire colors are reserved for the
supply voltages and ground (e.g., red, blue, black), some are reserved for main
signals, and the rest are simply used where convenient.
CONCLUSION
A practical system for monitor the level of garbage
is being presented in this paper. This project implementing real time waste
management system by using sensors to check the level of garbage in the
dustbin. In this system, the information of the dustbin can have accessed from
anywhere and anytime. This system will help inform the status of each dustbins
in real time. So, waste management can send the garbage collector to pick up
the garbage when the dustbin is full. The range of ultrasonic sensor can detect
distance is between 2cm until 400cm.This sensor will compare the depth of the
dustbin to show the level of garbage in the bin. This sensor will collect the
data and sent to microcontroller to display on LCD. At the same time, this
sensor will send data to ThingSpeak via GSM MODULE. The data in ThingSpeak will
show the data in real time. Therefore, waste management can be monitor. However, if there is a limited coverage or
availability of network, the wifi module will not be working thus will disturb
the whole system. A proposed future development of the communication hardware
need to be done in the future. Additionally, the development of the system can
improve by designing a system that can identify different type of garbage by
using image recognition in avoiding mistakenly put the garbage at the wrong bin. By implementing this proposed system, it
will reduce cost, man power and indirectly reducing traffic in that place.
REFERENCE
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